What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like and Is It Treatable

What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like and Is It Treatable Panic Disorder Diagnosis Print Signs and Treatments of Panic Attacks Panic attacks are common symptoms of anxiety and mood disorders By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 22, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 More in Panic Disorder Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Coping Related Conditions Panic attacks are the most common symptom associated with the diagnosis of panic disorder. However, they can occur with a variety of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as other medical conditions.   What Is It Like to Have a Panic Attack? Stephan Zabel/E/Getty Images A panic attack can be described as an intense feeling of fear or extreme nervousness that is brought on abruptly. Typically, these feelings of terror and apprehension occur without warning and disproportionate to the actual threat or danger. Panic attacks often last for a brief duration. However, the effects of a panic attack can linger for several hours following the initial attack. Panic attacks frequently involve a combination of emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. For example, when experiencing a panic attack, a person may feel embarrassed or distraught over their symptoms. A variety of somatic symptoms can occur, including sweating, shaking and chest pain. The person may fear that they might lose control of their body or mind. Overall, these symptoms can lead to feelings of terror, causing the person to want to escape from their situation. How Can a Doctor Diagnose My Panic Attacks? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, (DSM-5) lists a set of distinct criteria for panic attacks. According to the DSM, a panic attack involves a sudden fear accompanied by four or more of the following symptoms: Panic Attack Symptoms Heart palpitations  or accelerated heart rateExcessive sweatingTrembling or shakingShortness of breathFeeling of chokingChest painNausea  or abdominal painFeeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faintDerealization or depersonalizationFear of losing control or going crazyFear of dyingFeelings of numbness or tingling sensationsChills or hot flushes Your doctor will also want to rule out the possibility of any separate medical conditions or related and co-occurring conditions. Are All Panic Attacks the Same? Not all panic attacks are experienced in the same way. The following describes the three categories of panic attacks: Unexpected (un-cued) panic attacks: These attacks occur suddenly without any internal or external  cues.Situation bound (cued) panic attacks: These attacks occur when a person is subjected to or is anticipating a particular trigger. For example, a person with a fear of heights may have a panic attack when inside of a tall building.Situational predisposed panic attacks: These attacks are similar to cued panic attacks, but do not always occur after subjection to a feared situation. These attacks also don’t always occur at the time the person is exposed to the trigger. For instance, a person who has a fear of flying may not always have a panic attack while on a plane or may have one after being on a flight for several hours. Uncued Unexpected panic attack that occurs out of the blue Cued Panic attack after exposure to trigger (frightening thought or experience) If I Have Panic Attacks, Does That Mean I Have Panic Disorder? Having panic attacks does not necessarily mean that a person has panic disorder. People who have panic disorder experience recurring and unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are also common among other anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder, PTSD,  and specific phobias. How to Tell If Panicky Symptoms Are a Sign of Disorder Are Panic Attacks Treatable? Panic attacks are a treatable condition. Typically, treatment options involve a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Medications include benzodiazepines, a type of anti-anxiety medication that can provide rapid relief for panic symptoms. Psychotherapy can help you explore your fears and learn to manage your frightening physical sensations. There are also numerous self-help strategies for getting through a panic attack. Some of the more common techniques include: Breathing exercisesProgressive muscle relaxationVisualizationDesensitization If you are experiencing panic attacks, it is important that you seek out professional help. The sooner you are treated, the more likely you will be able to get some relief and begin to manage your panic attacks. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Biography of Giordano Bruno, Scientist and Philosopher

Giordano Bruno (1548–1600) was an Italian scientist and philosopher who espoused the Copernican idea of a heliocentric (sun-centered) universe as opposed to the churchs teachings of an Earth-centered universe. He also believed in an infinite universe with numerous inhabited worlds. Asked by the Inquisition to recant his beliefs, Bruno refused. He was tortured and burned at the stake for his outspoken beliefs. Fast Facts: Giordano Bruno Known For: Heretical views about astronomy and the nature of the universeAlso Known As: Filippo BrunoBorn: 1548 in Nola,  Kingdom of NaplesParents: Giovanni Bruno, Fraulissa SavolinoDied: February 17, 1600 in RomeEducation: Privately educated in a monastery and attended lectures at the Studium GeneralePublished Works:  The Art of Memory,  Concerning the Cause, Principle, and One, On the Infinite Universe and WorldsNotable Quote: The universe is then one, infinite, immobile...It is not capable of comprehension and therefore is endless and limitless, and to that extent infinite and indeterminable, and consequently immobile. Early Life Filippo (Giordano) Bruno was born in Nola, Italy in 1548; his father was Giovanni Bruno, a soldier, and his mother was Fraulissa Savolino. In 1561, he enrolled in school at the Monastery of Saint Domenico, best known for its famous member, Thomas Aquinas. Around this time, he took the name Giordano Bruno and within a few years had become a priest of the Dominican Order. Life in the Dominican Order Giordano Bruno was a brilliant, albeit eccentric, philosopher whose ideas rarely coincided with those of the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, he entered the Dominican  convent of San Domenico Maggiore in Naples in 1565 where he assumed the name Giordano. His outspoken and heretical beliefs were noted by his superiors, but he was nevertheless ordained as a priest in 1572 and sent back to Naples to continue his studies. While in Naples, Bruno discussed his heretical views aloud, including the Arian heresy which stated that Christ was not divine. These actions led to steps being taken toward a trial for heresy. He fled to Rome in 1576 and fled again in 1576 after some of his forbidden writings were uncovered. Leaving the Dominican order in 1576, Bruno wandered Europe as a traveling philosopher, lecturing in various universities. His chief claim to fame were the Dominican memory techniques he taught, bringing him to the attention of King Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England. Brunos memory enhancement techniques, including mnemonics, are described in his book, The Art of Memory and are still used today. Crossing Swords With the Church In 1583, Bruno moved to London and then to Oxford, where he presented lectures discussing the Copernican theory of a sun-centered universe. His ideas were met with a hostile audience, and, as a result, he returned to London where he became familiar with the major figures of the court of Elizabeth I. While in London, he also wrote a number of satirical works as well as his 1584 book, Dell Infinito, universo e mondi  (Of Infinity, the Universe, and the World). The book attacked the Aristotelian vision of the universe, and, building on the works of the Muslim philosopher Averroà «s, suggested that religion is a means to instruct and govern ignorant people, philosophy as the  discipline  of the elect who are able to behave themselves and govern others. He defended Copernicus and his sun-centered vision of the universe, and further argued that the universe was infinite, that it contained an infinite number of worlds, and that these are all inhabited by intelligent beings. Bruno continued his travels, writing and lecturing in England and Germany through 1591. During this time, Bruno both intrigued and angered local scholars. He was excommunicated in Helmstedt and asked to leave Frankfurt am Main, finally settling at a Carmelite monastery where he was described by the prior as â€Å"chiefly occupied in writing and in the vain and chimerical imagining of novelties.† Final Years In  August  1591, Bruno was invited to return to Italy and, in 1592, was denounced to the Inquisition by a disgruntled student. Bruno was arrested and immediately turned over to the Inquisition to be charged with heresy. Bruno spent the next eight years in chains in Castel Sant’Angelo, not far from the Vatican. He was routinely tortured and interrogated. This continued until his trial. Despite his predicament, Bruno remained true to what he believed to be true, stating to his Catholic Church judge, Jesuit Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, I neither ought to recant  nor will I. Even the death sentence handed down to him  did not change his attitude as he defiantly told his accusers, In pronouncing my sentence, your fear is greater than mine in hearing it. Death Immediately after the death sentence was handed down, Giordano Bruno was further tortured. On February 19, 1600, he was driven through the streets of Rome, stripped of his clothes and burned at the stake. Today, a statue of Bruno stands in the Campo de Fiori square in Rome. Legacy Bruno’s legacy of freedom of thought and his cosmological ideas had a significant impact on 17th and 18th century philosophical and scientific thought. On the other hand, while some of his ideas had merit and could be considered forward-thinking, others were based largely on magic and the occult. In addition, Brunos disregard for the politics of the day was the direct cause of his death. According to the Galileo Project, It is often maintained that Bruno was executed because of his Copernicanism and his belief in the infinity of inhabited worlds. In fact, we do not know the exact grounds on which he was declared a heretic because his file is missing from the records. Scientists such as Galileo and  Johannes Kepler  were not sympathetic to Bruno in their writings. Sources Aquilecchia, Giovanni. â€Å"Giordano Bruno.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.Knox, Dilwyn. â€Å"Giordano Bruno.†Ã‚  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 30 May 2018.The Galileo Project. Giordano Bruno.

“a Rose for Emily” - 1309 Words

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Character Analysis of Miss Emily Grierson â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, is a story of Miss Emily Grierson, a woman who was born into a wealthy family in the town of Jefferson. She grew up and lived in a huge Victorian home with servants. After the Civil War, it seems that her family’s wealth started to diminish but the Grierson’s were still trapped in the past of their family’s wealth. Emily Grierson’s past and present life is being recalled by a narrator who expresses the attitudes and ideas of the community. The narrator uses phrases like â€Å"We knew†, â€Å"We said†, and â€Å"We believed† to show the towns involvement. The townspeople pity Miss Emily and look at her as â€Å"fallen monument. Miss Emily is†¦show more content†¦Miss Emily is the community’s subject of gossip and speculation, when she starts to take the attention to Homer Barron, a northern Yankee who has come to town on contract to pave the sidewalks in Jefferson. The townspeople where glad to see her have an interest in Homer but suggest that â€Å"Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer. But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige (the traditional obligation of the nobility to treat the lower classes with respect and generosity)† (Faulkner 792). While Homer may not be the traditional suitor for Miss Emily, she takes to him due to the fact that she no longer has her father around to run anyone off and she is free to court anyone she wants. Emily, though arrogant and stubborn, grows up in a conservative society where puritan womanhood is firmly believed, so she is wel l aware of the power of tradition. Not only does she know the gossips concerning her dating with a Yankee, but also cares a lot about those rumors, as described in the story She carried her head high enough—even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson. (Faulkner 792) This could be the reason why Miss Emily decides she wants to buy poison from a druggist and givesShow MoreRelatedA Rose for Emily889 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Sometimes a Rose is Not a Rose: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the negative impact of Emily’s upbringing by an overprotective father, leads to incredible pattern in her life and the obvious mental illness that takes over as she not so graciously ages. While written in five sections, the first and last section is written in present time, and the three middle sectionsRead MoreA Rose for Emily’764 Words   |  3 Pagesis a much deeper and more significant’’. In a ‘’Rose for Emily’’ starts off were the people are in Emily’s funeral they describe her as the women she was a fallen monument. A number of personality and intent can be an indication of much larger plot in a rose for Emily by William Faulkner. She was I person that when she want something she would gated. A number of personality and intent can be an indication of much larger plot in a rose for Emily by William Faulkner. She was I person tha t whenRead Morerose for emily1661 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"A rose for Emily† â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a story about Emily Grierson who kills her Yankee boyfriend Homer Barron and lives with his body in her bedroom for over forty years. However, the story is not really about Miss Emily’s actions, but more about the society that made her into who she is and how it conflicted with the ever changing post southern civil war society. Miss Emily grew up as part of an aristocratic Southern family, with an overpowering father who refused to allow her to be courtedRead MoreA Rose for Emily731 Words   |  3 Pageselements of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Gothic can be defined as â€Å"literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader.† (Pickering, 2004, p. 1425) Gothic literature generally presents the same themes and motifs: love lost, hidden secrets, love and death hand in hand, beauty, youth, grotesque characters, macabre eroticism, etc. Gothic literature also explores taboo subjects such as murder, suicide and incest. â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, by WilliamRead MoreRose for Emily1559 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping Loneliness In A Rose for Emily, William Faulkners use of setting and characterization foreshadows and builds up to the climax of the story. His use of metaphors prepares the reader for the bittersweet ending. A theme of respectability and the loss of, is threaded throughout the story. Appropriately, the story begins with death, flashes back to the past and hints towards the demise of a woman and the traditions of the past she personifies. Faulkner has carefully crafted a multi-layeredRead MoreEmily Grierson From A Rose For A Rose For Emily1233 Words   |  5 Pagescritical essay that Emily Grierson from a â€Å"Rose for ‘A Rose for Emily’† was empowered and victimized by her gender and class. However the girl from â€Å"Boys and Girls† and Gertrude from Hamlet had not been as lucky as Miss Emily. In a â€Å"Rose for ‘A Rose for Emily’† Emily Grierson was the daughter of Mr. Grierson, who was a respected man in Jefferson. After his death Miss Emily still conserved her title of a lady even if all the town folks knew that she didn’t have money left. Miss Emily took advantage ofRead MoreA Rose for Emily654 Words   |  3 PagesLasinda Lemons Professor Hix English 1302 Section 11417 October 2, 2006 A Rose for Emily In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† I feel the story is being narrated in third person not only by one person but also from several of the townspeople, most of those being white southern locals (based on the time period of the story). The story is set in Jefferson, Mississippi during the early 1900’s. The author of the story William Faulkner himself came from Mississippi, which is an inspiration for manyRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Emily Rose in a Rose for Emily726 Words   |  3 PagesThe character Emily Rose in A Rose for Emily is considered a static character because; her traits throughout the story do not change. In the story she is deemed as quiet, inhuman and, even mad. However, through further inspection; there are characteristics displayed throughout the story that can possibly prove that Emily was a dynamic character. Throughout the piece Emily changes both mentally, socially and physically. Miss Emily, the main character of this story, lives for many years as a recluse;Read MoreA Rose for Emily1840 Words   |  8 PagesA Rose for Emily Essay Title: The Jealous Townspeople I. Thesis Statement: A Rose for Emily is a story of the envy harbored by the citizens in reaction to Miss Emily’s pride, reclusiveness, and heritage. II. A. Topic Sentence: Miss Emily’s heritage is the first and most important reason the town’s people were desirous of her. 1. Supporting Sentence: Miss Grierson was born into a prominent family the residents of her town recognized as being an old and distinguished family.

Key Dimensions Free Essays

It is a matter of fact that change is essential and inevitable part of the modern society and it significance is really dominant and great. Every public and private companies/organizations are subjected to rapid and frequent changes, because the world changes as well. A location and size of company doesn’t matter. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Dimensions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simply saying, it is practically impossible for the company to avoid changes, because they are phenomena which are universally accepted. Modern managers are working on finding ways how to staff a sense of control over changing situations. Actually resistance to change doesn’t mean that that the staff is against them, it means that they object only the way the changes are implemented. (Organizational Change 2006) Staff resists to changes simply because the reason for the change is unclear for them. Negative reactions can be caused by, for example, by ambiguity in jobs, costs and equipment.   The next reason is that staff wasn’t consulted about the possible changes and they appear to be an accomplished fact. It means that employees are willing to know what is going on in organization, especially if their jobs may be affected. The third reason of resistance is when the possible changes may threaten the existing patterns of working relationships between employees. People resist to changes also when they are not satisfied with personnel, monies and timetables or when the benefits for introducing changes are inadequate for the involved trouble. Especially staff is against changes when their power or status in organization is affected. Therefore, managers should tactfully introduce changes so that the majority of employees will be satisfied.(Rosenberg 20) The most important task for managers is to make their firms learning organizations. There are many tactics and approaches, but the most proper approach is to teach the staff well providing relevant stimuli for such learning. Different teaching and education programs may be successfully implemented. Also bonuses and personal approvals are allowed. Employees actually should be highly motivated. (Yerkes 462) Innovations are very important if the firm/organization wants to remain competitive in modern environment. Innovation is introduction of new methods and things with a definite purpose to improve the organization’s performance. Innovation is combination of knowledge applied to new service, processes and products. Organizational innovation involves creative ideas in order to make â€Å"tangible difference in the domain in which the innovation occurs†. (Hyde 64) Innovation is characterized by the following issues: relative advantage meaning that innovations have to produce significant improvements to be adapted; simplicity meaning that innovation should be easily understood and presented; inexpensiveness; easy to try meaning that new method should be easily introduced and abandoned if necessary; easy to measure meaning that benefits such as time, efficiency and money should be easily calculated.(Hyde 64) It is apparent that stresses are also inevitable part in each organization. There are many potential sources of stress within organizational structure. For example, organization size may be a stressor.   Large organizations sometimes cause the sense of helplessness among employees. The next source is technology used by an organization for products or service production. Design of organization may negatively affect employees creating the sense of being controlled as a machine. The additional stress sources are personal conflicts, job design and work roles. (Laurus 773) It is known that stresses have negative results as they are the reasons of high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, stomach ulcers and heart attacks. Stress results also in depressions and anxieties as well as sleeplessness may worsen cognitive functioning. In the result a person may lose concentration and confidence in decision-making. There are many ways to manage stress such as, for example, altering stressors themselves, altering moderators of the stressors, lessening individual’s responses and alleviating the stress consequences. Organization can manage stress by providing support services, conflict resolution and cognitive therapy. (Kahn et al. 99) References Adaptation to change (2006) Bitpipe White papers online, Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.bitpipe.com/rlist/term/Change-Management.html?psrc=RTP. Hyde, A.C. (2002) Understanding Innovation in Management. The Public Manager, 31, 3, 64.   James Morrison, Ian Wilson. (1996) The Strategic Management Response to the Challenge of Global Change, Strategic Management, 7, 3, 25-27. Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, R.P., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: Wiley, 98-102. Lazarus, R.S., DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., Gruen, R. (1985). Stress and Adaptational Outcomes: The Problems of Confounded Measures.   American Psychologist, 40, 770-779. Organizational change management (2006) Journal of Organizational Change Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/info/journals/jocm/jocm.jsp Rosenberg, Deanne. (1993, January) Eliminating Resistance to Change. Security Management, 37, 1, 20-23. Yerkes, R.M. Dodson, J.D. (1988). The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482. How to cite Key Dimensions, Essay examples

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Essays - Personality Tests,

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator One of the most enduring typological classifications was devised by Jung and has served as the foundation for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Anastasi, 1997). The Myers-Briggs (MBTI) designates one's personality type, based upon a classification scheme, which consists of four basic scales and two types within each scale. Thus, there are sixteen possible Myers-Briggs personality types. The scheme is based upon the intuitions of Carl Jung, whose gifted insight revealed that all people at all times are best understood in terms of extroversion/introversion, sensation/intuition, and objective/subjective. The latter category has since been subdivided into two classes by revisionists: feeling/thinking, and perceiving/judging. Classifying people did not originate with Jung. In the middle of the fifth century B.C.E., Hippocrates explained the four temperaments in terms of dominant humors in the body: melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, or choleric. The melancholic, he claimed, was dominated by yellow bile in the kidneys, the sanguine by humors in the blood, the phlegmatic by phlegm, and the choleric by the black bile of the liver. Hippocrates was simply adding to the ancient Greek insight that all things reduce to earth, air, water and fire. Each of the four elements had its dualities: hot/cold and dry/moist. A persons physical, psychological, and moral qualities could easily be understood by his temperament, his dominant humors, the four basic elements, or whether he was hot and wet or cold and dry. The ancient personality type indicator worked for over one thousand years. Today, most of us have abandoned Hippocrates' personality scheme because we do not find it to have any meaningful use. In the early 1940`s, Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Cook Briggs began developing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to make Carl Jung`s theory of human personality under-standable and useful in everyday life. The MBTI is based on Jung`s ideas about perception and judgment. The essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in behavior is actually quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic differences in the way individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment. Perception involves all the ways of becoming aware of things, people, happenings, or ideas. Judgment involves all the ways of coming to conclusions about what has been perceived. The Educational Testing Service first published the MBTI as a research instrument in 1962. In 1977, its use began to multiply. The main aim of the MBTI is to identify from self-report, the basic preferences of people in regard to perception and judgment, so that the effects of each preference, singly and in combination, can be established by research and put to practical use. If people differ systematically in what they perceive and in how they reach conclusions, then it is only reasonable for them to differ correspondingly in their reactions, interests, values, motivations, and skills (McCaulley, 1995). At the heart of MBTI use is the belief that individuals have naturally occurring preferences for certain attitudes and approaches to the world as well as for certain modes of perceiving it and making judgments or decisions pertaining to it. These preferences should not be equated with abilities. Identifying one`s own preferences can be an aid in seeking work, relationships and so forth, whereby what comes most naturally to the person will be the very thing that will be the most demanded, desirable, appropriated, or appreciated. Understanding other persons` preferences can aid in communication and make working or living together more effective and satisfying (Carskadon, 1994). McCaulley and Myers (1985) state that the MBTI differs from other personality instruments in these ways: It is designed to implement a theory; therefore the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI. The theory postulates dichotomies; therefore some of the psychometric properties are unusual. Based on the theory, there are specific dynamic relationships between the scales, which lead to the descriptions and characteristics of sixteen types. The type descriptions and the theory include a model of development that continues throughout life. The scales are concerned with basic functions of perception and judgment that enter into almost every behavior; therefore, the scope of practical applications is very wide. The MBTI consists of four separate indices which direct the use of perception and judgment. The Myers Briggs model of personality is based on four preferences, which can be seen in Table 1. These preferences affect what people do in any situation and how they draw conclusions about what they perceive. The preferences are: 1. Where is your primary source of energy? (Introversion/Extroversion) 2. How do you prefer to take in information? (Sensing/Intuition) 3. How do you prefer to make decisions? (Thinking/Feeling) 4. How

The Joy of The Tuba †Music Essay

The Joy of The Tuba – Music Essay Free Online Research Papers The Joy of The Tuba Music Essay Ahhh! The tuba (That’s Latin : Trumpet). The tuba is the biggest and the shiniest of all the brass family. It is also very possible, that it is heavier than all the other brass instruments put together. Let’s imagine if we were to couple together this instrument with an outlandish larrikin, let’s call them tubists, politically more correct woodwindests may call them he-persons and their friends may call them crazy, no – matter, this formidable instrument is like a leopard tank to the infantry as it is to a military band, it’s kind of big and loud, however, when you need it, it’s there with power. Please enjoy this informative, yet very sarcastic view on a tuba from the eye’s of a he-person/ crazy/ tubist. Aim The aim of this essay is to promote the tuba, not only as an instrument, but also as a character of the band. By showing and explaining the history, development and characteristics of the tuba, only then can other musicians appreciate and understand what on earth would possess someone to start playing that. Funny picture of tuba here History and development Patented in 1835 by Wiebrecht and Moritz in Germany the tuba surfaced to replace the Serpent and the Ophicleide (no relation to the centipede). The Tuba is constructed from brass, an alloy (combination of metals) comprising of copper zinc. Generally silver plated, however it can be lacquered to give it the appearance of gold. And the cost is not too far off gold either, with some tubas now approaching the $45,000 mark. Now, to be serious, but not for long. The tuba was derived from the ophicleide, a type of keyed bugle that was designed and built in the 1800’s, before valves were the cool thing to use back then. Its mega legend status started in the brass bands of Great Britain were they used a Helicon (not related to helicopters) was used for easier portability, not that much has changed. Many variants were created but Richard Wagner created a variant based on the French horn which was used for his Ring cycle of Operas and has since been called the Wagner Tuba. In the 1860’s John Phillip Sousa commissioned an audience friendly version (which has never been perfected) of the Helicon and all of sudden, we have a Sousaphone. After realizing that this thing is too damn hard to make, the design has remained the same. But the creative minds have worked hard and variants with four, five and six valves have been sent to test the tubists of today’s world. With the input of many a he-person (remember that’s what the politically correct woodwind call tuba players), other changes have been introduced, such as the rotary valve for the short fingered he-person, fiberglass sousaphone for the he-persons with a bad back and convertible tubas for those he-persons going through a mid life crisis. Please forgive my humor as that the real purpose of convertible tuba’s is not to get girls, it was actually made so that the audience could hear the superb qualities of the tuba as demonstrated in the picture below. Insert funny Sousa pic here Tubas can now be found in the most diverse range of shapes, sizes, pitches, colours, weights and price of ANY instrument and this isn’t saying that they haven’t got it right yet, it just takes time to perfect 8 metres of brass tubing wrapped around a light post. To make matters a little more complicated, not that the invention of the fourth valve was enough, the diversity and obscurity of the tuba becomes multiplied when the introduction of the tenor tuba is released. I am of course referring to the Baritone/Euphonium. A welcome friend of the tuba family, however, with two noticeable differences. 1.) The Euphonium shrunk in the wash (that means it’s half the size of the tuba) 2.) The Euphonium music is ten times harder to play than tuba parts. Not exactly value for weight savings there. Another new addition to make tubas heavier, although this has been a huge improvement, was the introduction of compensating tubas. This does not mean that the tuba player gets paid extra money for a using a compensating tuba (they should because it weighs more) but what it does mean is that the tuba has extra tubing to correct the tuning when multiple valve combinations are in use. I’ll confuse you later with the specifics of this. With the development of the tuba comes one of the most significant features. Tubas can come in five different keys (BBb, CC, EEb, F and the GG Bugle â€Å"Not available for bugle calls as yet Sir† ). With an upright bell or forward facing, (forward facing bells provide excellent sound projection in marching bands) fourteen to thirty inches in bell diameter (that’s 355.50mm to 762.00mm), two to six valves, rotary or piston, student or professional models, convertible or standard, the rare but available double belled euphonium, sousaphones and tubas with or without compensating or non- compensating tubing. The tuba has more selling features than a brand new Holden Monaro and is similar in price. Instrument range The tuba is a hidden talent, a soft and sweet sound that does not promote itself as a soloist because it doesn’t ‘bite’ the listener like a trumpet or vocalist does. However it is an extremely capable instrument, it can’t be thrown very far physically, but it’s sound can be thrown further than the ears of the listener and deep into heart and mind of the appreciative audience. The Tuba is mostly associated with the â€Å"oom-pah-pah† and the fourteen million litres of beers that Austrians and Germans drink at Oktoberfest (and perhaps a few Aussie tuba playing Beer drinking legends), the tuba is much more capable than the1st and 3rd beats in the bar. The tuba can be soft and lyrical to loud and bombastic and even fast and complex. With a total range of four octaves (and some lance corporals can produce five when they practice more often) not to mention the goorus of tuba playing, for example Steven Sykes and the Childs Brothers, that can produce whatever they feel like because they are awesome. Characteristics – harmonic series, hexachords, flexibility, acoustics, harmonics and construction The tuba is not just about technical advances in design, or how much it costs or weighs or even how wide a range the instrument has. It is about how it sounds and how that sound fits into the orchestra or ensemble. Why does the tuba sound different, most primary school kids would say that it’s because it’s bigger. This is true, however, what is the sound that we hear? Most musical notes are sounds that have a particular pitch. The pitch depends on the main frequency of the sound, the higher the frequency of the sound waves, and the shortening of the wavelength, the higher the pitch is. The sounds that we hear day to day are not just one frequency, some sounds have many frequencies, like a wave crashing on a beach, but this is not a particular pitch, and it is not considered a musical note. If an old mobile phone produces a note of particular pitch, a C for example, this note is only one particular frequency and it does not sound like a tuba or clarinet. That is, that Tuba’s, and in fact most Instruments don’t produce just one frequency, they produce only a very particular set of frequencies. So we can’t all pre-program our phones to play 1812 because we could not separate the difference in sound of those playing clarinet, and those playing tuba. When an instrument plays a note the sound that we hear is a smooth mixture of different pitches, these different pitches are called harmonics and the blending together of these pitches is produced so well that we don’t hear the separate notes, instead the harmonics give the note it’s colour or timbre. But where do these harmonics and the timbre come from? In the case of a tuba or wind instrument for that fact, the sound comes from a column of air vibrating inside a tube. When this column of air vibrates within the tuba the main pitch that we hear is the fundamental (Eb for an Eb tuba, Bb for a Bb etc.) This column of air can also vibrate in halves, thirds, fourths and so on of the fundamental. The difference is the relative loudness of all the different harmonics compared to each other. So when a clarinet plays a note, perhaps we can only hear the odd- numbered harmonics and when a tuba plays the same notes, perhaps the fifth and tenth harmonics are the strongest. This is what separates the sound of the clarinet in comparison to the tuba, and of course the tuba sounds better. So even if a tuba sounds different to a clarinet, how does it play all the notes in a chromatic scale? Well apart from practice, the tuba and all brass instruments have a harmonic series. As a xylophone player gets only one note from each plank of wood, different in length, or a string player can change a note by tightening the string by using tuning pegs or pressing down in a different place, the tuba or brass player can produce different notes without changing the length of the tubing. The musicians do this by playing the harmonics of the instrument. Brass instruments excel in getting notes from the same length of tubing. This is produced by vibrating the lips at different speeds, by doing this, the player can produce a harmonic of the air column to sound instead of the fundamental. The harmonic series can have any note as it’s fundamental, so there are many harmonic series, but the relationship between the frequencies of a harmonic series is always the same. The second harmonic always has exactly half the wavelength (and twice the frequency) of the fundamental. The third harmonic has exactly a third of the wavelength (three times the frequency) of the fundamental and it continues through the range of the instrument. Just like a bugle , the tuba can play any note in the harmonic series that falls within the players range. So before valves were cool the tuba had the same range as a bugle, but the introduction of 3 valves added extra tubing to the instrument. Each time a valve was opened (or pressed) an extra length of tubing was added, adding a new harmonic series to the instrument. The first valve usually adds one half step to the harmonic series, the second valve one whole step and the third valve adds one and one half steps lower than the valve-less instrument. The valves can also be used together creating another harmonic series. So technically speaking the tuba in it’s middle register can produce a valve combination that will give a reasonably in-tune version for every note of the chromatic scale. Insert examples of open tubing harmonic series here etc (sibelius). Hexachords The tuba has one major downfall. It’s size, although this is it’s greatest asset, talk about paying Peter to rob Paul. The tuba needs a lot of vibrating air in the tubes, but this creates problems with flexibility. The Tuba has a very large mouthpiece and to supply a lot of air into the large mouth piece requires virtually the whole mouth to cover the mouthpiece. Possible trills alternate fingerings – emphasis on alternates and tech difs Uses ensembles, styles etc The Tuba is so awesome that no group, band or ensemble could leave home without it. Let’s start with the typical bands/ensembles that you find a tuba:- brass quintet Orchestra Concert band Brass band Military band Marching band Big band Oktoberfest beer band And then of course, there is the ultimate of all small group ensembles the:- Tuba Quartet As you would notice above that there is a broad range of opportunity for the up and budding tubist and the variation in style of music is from one extreme to the other. Popular styles for the tuba would consist of : Orchestral. Including Opera, Symphonic, chamber music and Solos. Concert band. Including folk tunes, easy listening, latin, country, popular some classic rock Roll. Brass Band. Brass bands originated in Great Britain and are widely known for the very challenging contest pieces. Varying in difficulty and asassociated with the various grades, a typical contest would consist of a hymn, set test piece, Bands own choice and of course, a march. Brass quintet / Tuba Quartet. These ensembles will touch on arrangements of pieces from the Baroque period in the 1600 -1700s to current day traditional pieces like Amazing grace. Bach gets a chance to shine and is not outdone by the brashness of Dixieland or the glamour of Broadway. Marching Band. Marches are perhaps the pinnacle of tuba pieces, not only is the music technically difficult, regardless of the competency of the musician and no matter how physically strong a tubist is, marching and performing the tuba is a task that no performer would claim to master. Big Band. The tuba is slowly finding it’s way into the swing of the big band. Generally reading 4th trombone parts, the tuba adds to the lower end of the trombone section, filling in especially on the low frequencies where the bass trombone tends to ‘crack’ a note. Oktoberfest Beer Band. This is where the tuba and it’s master really come together. German beer songs from the Second World War were used to entertain the troops. This music poses the tubist with very few challenges musically , generally only playing the 1st and 3rd beats, however, does add a sporting value of performing under extreme circumstances. Insert funny picture of beer here There are probably a hundred more styles of music, and various bands that you would find a tuba, but remarkably, there are few bands that don’t use it. It’s obviously that good. As far as other uses of the tuba goes, and this is only speculation, but no other instrument has been used as:- A flower pot A place to store cold beers for the long trip home after the job A door stopper Balance, tuning examples of practice exercises to assist technical problems Conclusion/summary At the start of this informative work, I promoted the fact that most people ask, why would you want to play that? As you can see, the tuba is a remarkable instrument. Virtually most styles of instrumental music require the use of a tuba. It can produce the very low frequencies of sound that almost border on the hearing range of the human ear, giving any ensemble the depth of sound to south the soul. The tuba, the largest, most expensive brass instrument in any ensemble, although works on the same principles as any other brass instrument. Although the tuba seems cumbersome, it’s agility and flexibility is that of a trumpet. I’m also sure that after reading this, that playing a tuba now would seem a lot more complicated than building one. I hope that you have enjoyed my humour and can use the technical information. Research Papers on The Joy of The Tuba - Music EssayWhere Wild and West MeetDefinition of Export QuotasCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductHip-Hop is ArtUnreasonable Searches and Seizures19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringThe Hockey GameThe Spring and Autumn

Flood and Flash Flood Causes

Flood and Flash Flood Causes Floods and flash floods happen whenever water overflows onto normally dry land. But while the outcome is the same, and the weather events that cause them (slow-moving low-pressure systems, hurricanes, and monsoons) may be the same, all floods are not created equal. The main differences between floods and flash floods are the time it takes their flood conditions to develop, how long they last, and how wide sweeping their impact. Floods: Slow-Rising, but Long-Lasting Like the Great Flood that came after heavy rain poured down on the earth and Noahs ark for forty days and forty nights, the worlds flood events are often longer duration flooding. And as Noahs flood continued for one-hundred and fifty days, likewise todays flood events begin and end gradually and are considered long-term events that typically last days or weeks. Besides impacting transportation, floods often bring health hazards, like mold, and disease brought on by standing water. When weather conditions lead waters to rapidly rise, flash flooding occurs. Flash Floods Develop Within Minutes to Hours As the name suggests, flash floods are rapid flooding events. How rapid? According to the NOAA National Weather Service, flash flood situations develop within six hours (or less)Â  of the start of the causative event. While the majority of flash floods are triggered by heavy rain falling within a short amount of time (like during intense thunderstorms), non-rain-related events can also trigger them such as: A levee or dam failure,Sudden snowmelt or thawing of glaciers, orA sudden release of water by a debris flow or ice jam. Because of their sudden onset, flash floods tend to be thought of as more dangerous than regular floods. Adding to this flash floods are also associated with raging torrents of fast-moving water against which there is little protection (even from a vehicle) from being swept away. Flash flood waters often subside as swiftly as they swell. Once the torrential downpours end, flash flood conditions do too. Another difference between flooding and flash flooding is where each commonly occurs. Flooding can involve widespread flooding of waterways or the accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground and roadways. In contrast, flash flooding more often involves localized flooding of small rivers, streams, creeks, and storm sewers. Is It Possible to Be Under a Flood Alert and a Flash Flood Alert? It may seem redundant to have both an active flood watch or warning and a flash flood watch or warning too, but if this happens you should take both seriously. It means that your area is at risk for both gradual and immediate flooding. An example weather situation where this could happen is if your area had seen prolonged rainfall in days prior and then had a hurricane approach. Your flood risk would be elevated from the longer duration flooding, but also from the heavy tropical moisture associated with the hurricane.