Personal activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual exercises - Essay Example The benefit of offering my energy to the crowd just brings me more prominent satisfaction. On the off chance that I can rouse even one other individual, I feel it will liquefy away the entirety of my long stretches of drudge and unlimited practices. 2. Aside from your first and second dialects, what different dialects do you talk and compose Baring English and Chinese, which are my first and second dialects, individually, I am as of now examining Gaeilge through home investigation courses. At the point when I originally heard Gaeilge spoken I was captivated with it. I feel its oral excellence, ease and woven vocal examples are unequaled. Be that as it may, later on, I additionally want to seek after the Spanish and Japanese dialects. 3. Do you as of now have a college course as a top priority If along these lines, give subtleties. I am yet to determine my course of study, however, I am certain to seek after a vocation in tact. I have differed interests including, yet not constrained to: money, financial matters and world history; be that as it may, preceding choosing a significant course, I feel it best to investigate the potential outcomes toward my present advantages. I am not a grant beneficiary now; anyway I am applying for a half honor. Such a grant will offer me the chance to discover, investigate and support my own future.

What is the self free essay sample

At the point when individuals are conceived, they have set blue prints that give them: their underlying self. A mothers of their precursors DNA. Children are given a name and a physical appearance. It resembles making blue prints for a house, and you don't have the foggiest idea where it will be constructed, or what sort of individuals will be living in it. This is the place recollections, encounters and the individuals we meet change those blue prints into a human with a character that is based on all through life. I believe that oneself exists in the cerebrum. The cerebrum is an astounding and complex organ that we know next to no about. Live that there is a little area in the middle of the recollections and our critical thinking where our self exists. After our underlying character is made, trust it changes week after week. Each noteworthy connection influences us, beginning with guardians. A few of us are actually similar to our folks and other are the direct inverse, yet there is no uncertainty regardless of what circumstance, they immensy affect us. We will compose a custom article test on What is oneself or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I am actually similar to my father. We think very similar things are entertaining, and we both respond to struggle similarly. Then again, I am the specific inverse from my mom.I am not saying one is better, however the two of them have made the individual am likely until seventh grade. After that turned into the unpropitious high schooler years where my character was not changed however based on once more, this time by my companions. Begun thinking about how looked, and how individuals pondered me since that is the thing that my companions did. I turned out to be all the more cordial and amusing, and I delighted in experience. I imagine that the more individuals we make bonds with, the bigger our characters get. By that imply that we have a wide range of characters when we begin going to class we CT an alternate path with educators, guardians, companions, and boyfriends.High school transforms us into robots. By junior year weve all had enough, and we have enough broad information to start what we need to do with our lives. Secondary school in my eyes places us in boxes where we as a whole come out the equivalent. We are compelled to take no different classes so as to graduate or get advanced education. Nothing relies upon our inclinations, or what we are acceptable at. We would be very different individuals on the off chance that we found out about things we were keen on, and it would permit us to develop into our selves more before we re off to college.This makes understudies become insane, grade-fixated understudies who dont care about the material, in light of the fact that there is no intrigue! Every single fruitful understudy are this way, and its not who we truly are. Imagine that its loathsome to construct our establishment on this. All through evaluation school, oneself is controlled pulled and wound until we arent sure who we are any longer. At that point the chance of school comes at the ideal time. We are torn away from the entirety of our earlier connections. So what does that do to oneself? Indication this is simply the best open door for the to do a character purify. We take who we are from the entirety of our various associations clutter everything together, keeping the great qualities and disposing of the awful. Was exceptionally lucky to encounter this right on time, towards the start of secondary school, with going to camp. That had a similar impact on me that I assume school to resemble, being tossed into another condition and knowing nobody. It developed me, yet it caused my self to get cemented and truly made me an entire individual. Interminable daylight of the unblemished psyche was very idea provoking.It made me think, if my recollections of a notable individual in my life were cleaned would be the equivalent. Every one of my associations that I have had with individuals, I like to think, have influenced me positively and based upon my character. I dont even imagine that would have the option to eradicate all the recollections, since individuals have had such a significant effect on me, that on the off chance that I saw them I would feel those feelings once more. The article Seeing the Light, truly made me question my puts stock in life following death. Am sure that dont put stock in God, yet I do believe that we have an unphysical being.But where does that being go? Id like to have confidence in something that proceeds after death, however I simply cant understand that thought. I think oneself is connected to the cerebrum, and when the body kicks the bucket the brain goes with it. Seeing the light is the discharging of synthetic compounds in the mind to cause oneself to feel upbeat and safe during a terrifying second. This could keep going for quite a long time after death until all pieces of the body are totally closed down and not returning. In the wake of contemplating a higher force, and how that identifies with our selves I feel freed not accepting n anything.

What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like and Is It Treatable

What Does a Panic Attack Feel Like and Is It Treatable Panic Disorder Diagnosis Print Signs and Treatments of Panic Attacks Panic attacks are common symptoms of anxiety and mood disorders By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 22, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on September 19, 2019 More in Panic Disorder Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Coping Related Conditions Panic attacks are the most common symptom associated with the diagnosis of panic disorder. However, they can occur with a variety of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as other medical conditions.   What Is It Like to Have a Panic Attack? Stephan Zabel/E/Getty Images A panic attack can be described as an intense feeling of fear or extreme nervousness that is brought on abruptly. Typically, these feelings of terror and apprehension occur without warning and disproportionate to the actual threat or danger. Panic attacks often last for a brief duration. However, the effects of a panic attack can linger for several hours following the initial attack. Panic attacks frequently involve a combination of emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. For example, when experiencing a panic attack, a person may feel embarrassed or distraught over their symptoms. A variety of somatic symptoms can occur, including sweating, shaking and chest pain. The person may fear that they might lose control of their body or mind. Overall, these symptoms can lead to feelings of terror, causing the person to want to escape from their situation. How Can a Doctor Diagnose My Panic Attacks? The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, (DSM-5) lists a set of distinct criteria for panic attacks. According to the DSM, a panic attack involves a sudden fear accompanied by four or more of the following symptoms: Panic Attack Symptoms Heart palpitations  or accelerated heart rateExcessive sweatingTrembling or shakingShortness of breathFeeling of chokingChest painNausea  or abdominal painFeeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faintDerealization or depersonalizationFear of losing control or going crazyFear of dyingFeelings of numbness or tingling sensationsChills or hot flushes Your doctor will also want to rule out the possibility of any separate medical conditions or related and co-occurring conditions. Are All Panic Attacks the Same? Not all panic attacks are experienced in the same way. The following describes the three categories of panic attacks: Unexpected (un-cued) panic attacks: These attacks occur suddenly without any internal or external  cues.Situation bound (cued) panic attacks: These attacks occur when a person is subjected to or is anticipating a particular trigger. For example, a person with a fear of heights may have a panic attack when inside of a tall building.Situational predisposed panic attacks: These attacks are similar to cued panic attacks, but do not always occur after subjection to a feared situation. These attacks also don’t always occur at the time the person is exposed to the trigger. For instance, a person who has a fear of flying may not always have a panic attack while on a plane or may have one after being on a flight for several hours. Uncued Unexpected panic attack that occurs out of the blue Cued Panic attack after exposure to trigger (frightening thought or experience) If I Have Panic Attacks, Does That Mean I Have Panic Disorder? Having panic attacks does not necessarily mean that a person has panic disorder. People who have panic disorder experience recurring and unexpected panic attacks. Panic attacks are also common among other anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder, PTSD,  and specific phobias. How to Tell If Panicky Symptoms Are a Sign of Disorder Are Panic Attacks Treatable? Panic attacks are a treatable condition. Typically, treatment options involve a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Medications include benzodiazepines, a type of anti-anxiety medication that can provide rapid relief for panic symptoms. Psychotherapy can help you explore your fears and learn to manage your frightening physical sensations. There are also numerous self-help strategies for getting through a panic attack. Some of the more common techniques include: Breathing exercisesProgressive muscle relaxationVisualizationDesensitization If you are experiencing panic attacks, it is important that you seek out professional help. The sooner you are treated, the more likely you will be able to get some relief and begin to manage your panic attacks. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Biography of Giordano Bruno, Scientist and Philosopher

Giordano Bruno (1548–1600) was an Italian scientist and philosopher who espoused the Copernican idea of a heliocentric (sun-centered) universe as opposed to the churchs teachings of an Earth-centered universe. He also believed in an infinite universe with numerous inhabited worlds. Asked by the Inquisition to recant his beliefs, Bruno refused. He was tortured and burned at the stake for his outspoken beliefs. Fast Facts: Giordano Bruno Known For: Heretical views about astronomy and the nature of the universeAlso Known As: Filippo BrunoBorn: 1548 in Nola,  Kingdom of NaplesParents: Giovanni Bruno, Fraulissa SavolinoDied: February 17, 1600 in RomeEducation: Privately educated in a monastery and attended lectures at the Studium GeneralePublished Works:  The Art of Memory,  Concerning the Cause, Principle, and One, On the Infinite Universe and WorldsNotable Quote: The universe is then one, infinite, immobile...It is not capable of comprehension and therefore is endless and limitless, and to that extent infinite and indeterminable, and consequently immobile. Early Life Filippo (Giordano) Bruno was born in Nola, Italy in 1548; his father was Giovanni Bruno, a soldier, and his mother was Fraulissa Savolino. In 1561, he enrolled in school at the Monastery of Saint Domenico, best known for its famous member, Thomas Aquinas. Around this time, he took the name Giordano Bruno and within a few years had become a priest of the Dominican Order. Life in the Dominican Order Giordano Bruno was a brilliant, albeit eccentric, philosopher whose ideas rarely coincided with those of the Catholic Church. Nevertheless, he entered the Dominican  convent of San Domenico Maggiore in Naples in 1565 where he assumed the name Giordano. His outspoken and heretical beliefs were noted by his superiors, but he was nevertheless ordained as a priest in 1572 and sent back to Naples to continue his studies. While in Naples, Bruno discussed his heretical views aloud, including the Arian heresy which stated that Christ was not divine. These actions led to steps being taken toward a trial for heresy. He fled to Rome in 1576 and fled again in 1576 after some of his forbidden writings were uncovered. Leaving the Dominican order in 1576, Bruno wandered Europe as a traveling philosopher, lecturing in various universities. His chief claim to fame were the Dominican memory techniques he taught, bringing him to the attention of King Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England. Brunos memory enhancement techniques, including mnemonics, are described in his book, The Art of Memory and are still used today. Crossing Swords With the Church In 1583, Bruno moved to London and then to Oxford, where he presented lectures discussing the Copernican theory of a sun-centered universe. His ideas were met with a hostile audience, and, as a result, he returned to London where he became familiar with the major figures of the court of Elizabeth I. While in London, he also wrote a number of satirical works as well as his 1584 book, Dell Infinito, universo e mondi  (Of Infinity, the Universe, and the World). The book attacked the Aristotelian vision of the universe, and, building on the works of the Muslim philosopher Averroà «s, suggested that religion is a means to instruct and govern ignorant people, philosophy as the  discipline  of the elect who are able to behave themselves and govern others. He defended Copernicus and his sun-centered vision of the universe, and further argued that the universe was infinite, that it contained an infinite number of worlds, and that these are all inhabited by intelligent beings. Bruno continued his travels, writing and lecturing in England and Germany through 1591. During this time, Bruno both intrigued and angered local scholars. He was excommunicated in Helmstedt and asked to leave Frankfurt am Main, finally settling at a Carmelite monastery where he was described by the prior as â€Å"chiefly occupied in writing and in the vain and chimerical imagining of novelties.† Final Years In  August  1591, Bruno was invited to return to Italy and, in 1592, was denounced to the Inquisition by a disgruntled student. Bruno was arrested and immediately turned over to the Inquisition to be charged with heresy. Bruno spent the next eight years in chains in Castel Sant’Angelo, not far from the Vatican. He was routinely tortured and interrogated. This continued until his trial. Despite his predicament, Bruno remained true to what he believed to be true, stating to his Catholic Church judge, Jesuit Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, I neither ought to recant  nor will I. Even the death sentence handed down to him  did not change his attitude as he defiantly told his accusers, In pronouncing my sentence, your fear is greater than mine in hearing it. Death Immediately after the death sentence was handed down, Giordano Bruno was further tortured. On February 19, 1600, he was driven through the streets of Rome, stripped of his clothes and burned at the stake. Today, a statue of Bruno stands in the Campo de Fiori square in Rome. Legacy Bruno’s legacy of freedom of thought and his cosmological ideas had a significant impact on 17th and 18th century philosophical and scientific thought. On the other hand, while some of his ideas had merit and could be considered forward-thinking, others were based largely on magic and the occult. In addition, Brunos disregard for the politics of the day was the direct cause of his death. According to the Galileo Project, It is often maintained that Bruno was executed because of his Copernicanism and his belief in the infinity of inhabited worlds. In fact, we do not know the exact grounds on which he was declared a heretic because his file is missing from the records. Scientists such as Galileo and  Johannes Kepler  were not sympathetic to Bruno in their writings. Sources Aquilecchia, Giovanni. â€Å"Giordano Bruno.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.Knox, Dilwyn. â€Å"Giordano Bruno.†Ã‚  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 30 May 2018.The Galileo Project. Giordano Bruno.

“a Rose for Emily” - 1309 Words

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Character Analysis of Miss Emily Grierson â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner, is a story of Miss Emily Grierson, a woman who was born into a wealthy family in the town of Jefferson. She grew up and lived in a huge Victorian home with servants. After the Civil War, it seems that her family’s wealth started to diminish but the Grierson’s were still trapped in the past of their family’s wealth. Emily Grierson’s past and present life is being recalled by a narrator who expresses the attitudes and ideas of the community. The narrator uses phrases like â€Å"We knew†, â€Å"We said†, and â€Å"We believed† to show the towns involvement. The townspeople pity Miss Emily and look at her as â€Å"fallen monument. Miss Emily is†¦show more content†¦Miss Emily is the community’s subject of gossip and speculation, when she starts to take the attention to Homer Barron, a northern Yankee who has come to town on contract to pave the sidewalks in Jefferson. The townspeople where glad to see her have an interest in Homer but suggest that â€Å"Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer. But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige (the traditional obligation of the nobility to treat the lower classes with respect and generosity)† (Faulkner 792). While Homer may not be the traditional suitor for Miss Emily, she takes to him due to the fact that she no longer has her father around to run anyone off and she is free to court anyone she wants. Emily, though arrogant and stubborn, grows up in a conservative society where puritan womanhood is firmly believed, so she is wel l aware of the power of tradition. Not only does she know the gossips concerning her dating with a Yankee, but also cares a lot about those rumors, as described in the story She carried her head high enough—even when we believed that she was fallen. It was as if she demanded more than ever the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson. (Faulkner 792) This could be the reason why Miss Emily decides she wants to buy poison from a druggist and givesShow MoreRelatedA Rose for Emily889 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary Analysis for â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Sometimes a Rose is Not a Rose: A Literary Analysis of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner, the negative impact of Emily’s upbringing by an overprotective father, leads to incredible pattern in her life and the obvious mental illness that takes over as she not so graciously ages. While written in five sections, the first and last section is written in present time, and the three middle sectionsRead MoreA Rose for Emily’764 Words   |  3 Pagesis a much deeper and more significant’’. In a ‘’Rose for Emily’’ starts off were the people are in Emily’s funeral they describe her as the women she was a fallen monument. A number of personality and intent can be an indication of much larger plot in a rose for Emily by William Faulkner. She was I person that when she want something she would gated. A number of personality and intent can be an indication of much larger plot in a rose for Emily by William Faulkner. She was I person tha t whenRead Morerose for emily1661 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"A rose for Emily† â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a story about Emily Grierson who kills her Yankee boyfriend Homer Barron and lives with his body in her bedroom for over forty years. However, the story is not really about Miss Emily’s actions, but more about the society that made her into who she is and how it conflicted with the ever changing post southern civil war society. Miss Emily grew up as part of an aristocratic Southern family, with an overpowering father who refused to allow her to be courtedRead MoreA Rose for Emily731 Words   |  3 Pageselements of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Gothic can be defined as â€Å"literature dealing with the strange, mysterious, and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the reader.† (Pickering, 2004, p. 1425) Gothic literature generally presents the same themes and motifs: love lost, hidden secrets, love and death hand in hand, beauty, youth, grotesque characters, macabre eroticism, etc. Gothic literature also explores taboo subjects such as murder, suicide and incest. â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, by WilliamRead MoreRose for Emily1559 Words   |  7 PagesEscaping Loneliness In A Rose for Emily, William Faulkners use of setting and characterization foreshadows and builds up to the climax of the story. His use of metaphors prepares the reader for the bittersweet ending. A theme of respectability and the loss of, is threaded throughout the story. Appropriately, the story begins with death, flashes back to the past and hints towards the demise of a woman and the traditions of the past she personifies. Faulkner has carefully crafted a multi-layeredRead MoreEmily Grierson From A Rose For A Rose For Emily1233 Words   |  5 Pagescritical essay that Emily Grierson from a â€Å"Rose for ‘A Rose for Emily’† was empowered and victimized by her gender and class. However the girl from â€Å"Boys and Girls† and Gertrude from Hamlet had not been as lucky as Miss Emily. In a â€Å"Rose for ‘A Rose for Emily’† Emily Grierson was the daughter of Mr. Grierson, who was a respected man in Jefferson. After his death Miss Emily still conserved her title of a lady even if all the town folks knew that she didn’t have money left. Miss Emily took advantage ofRead MoreA Rose for Emily654 Words   |  3 PagesLasinda Lemons Professor Hix English 1302 Section 11417 October 2, 2006 A Rose for Emily In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† I feel the story is being narrated in third person not only by one person but also from several of the townspeople, most of those being white southern locals (based on the time period of the story). The story is set in Jefferson, Mississippi during the early 1900’s. The author of the story William Faulkner himself came from Mississippi, which is an inspiration for manyRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Emily Rose in a Rose for Emily726 Words   |  3 PagesThe character Emily Rose in A Rose for Emily is considered a static character because; her traits throughout the story do not change. In the story she is deemed as quiet, inhuman and, even mad. However, through further inspection; there are characteristics displayed throughout the story that can possibly prove that Emily was a dynamic character. Throughout the piece Emily changes both mentally, socially and physically. Miss Emily, the main character of this story, lives for many years as a recluse;Read MoreA Rose for Emily1840 Words   |  8 PagesA Rose for Emily Essay Title: The Jealous Townspeople I. Thesis Statement: A Rose for Emily is a story of the envy harbored by the citizens in reaction to Miss Emily’s pride, reclusiveness, and heritage. II. A. Topic Sentence: Miss Emily’s heritage is the first and most important reason the town’s people were desirous of her. 1. Supporting Sentence: Miss Grierson was born into a prominent family the residents of her town recognized as being an old and distinguished family.

Key Dimensions Free Essays

It is a matter of fact that change is essential and inevitable part of the modern society and it significance is really dominant and great. Every public and private companies/organizations are subjected to rapid and frequent changes, because the world changes as well. A location and size of company doesn’t matter. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Dimensions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simply saying, it is practically impossible for the company to avoid changes, because they are phenomena which are universally accepted. Modern managers are working on finding ways how to staff a sense of control over changing situations. Actually resistance to change doesn’t mean that that the staff is against them, it means that they object only the way the changes are implemented. (Organizational Change 2006) Staff resists to changes simply because the reason for the change is unclear for them. Negative reactions can be caused by, for example, by ambiguity in jobs, costs and equipment.   The next reason is that staff wasn’t consulted about the possible changes and they appear to be an accomplished fact. It means that employees are willing to know what is going on in organization, especially if their jobs may be affected. The third reason of resistance is when the possible changes may threaten the existing patterns of working relationships between employees. People resist to changes also when they are not satisfied with personnel, monies and timetables or when the benefits for introducing changes are inadequate for the involved trouble. Especially staff is against changes when their power or status in organization is affected. Therefore, managers should tactfully introduce changes so that the majority of employees will be satisfied.(Rosenberg 20) The most important task for managers is to make their firms learning organizations. There are many tactics and approaches, but the most proper approach is to teach the staff well providing relevant stimuli for such learning. Different teaching and education programs may be successfully implemented. Also bonuses and personal approvals are allowed. Employees actually should be highly motivated. (Yerkes 462) Innovations are very important if the firm/organization wants to remain competitive in modern environment. Innovation is introduction of new methods and things with a definite purpose to improve the organization’s performance. Innovation is combination of knowledge applied to new service, processes and products. Organizational innovation involves creative ideas in order to make â€Å"tangible difference in the domain in which the innovation occurs†. (Hyde 64) Innovation is characterized by the following issues: relative advantage meaning that innovations have to produce significant improvements to be adapted; simplicity meaning that innovation should be easily understood and presented; inexpensiveness; easy to try meaning that new method should be easily introduced and abandoned if necessary; easy to measure meaning that benefits such as time, efficiency and money should be easily calculated.(Hyde 64) It is apparent that stresses are also inevitable part in each organization. There are many potential sources of stress within organizational structure. For example, organization size may be a stressor.   Large organizations sometimes cause the sense of helplessness among employees. The next source is technology used by an organization for products or service production. Design of organization may negatively affect employees creating the sense of being controlled as a machine. The additional stress sources are personal conflicts, job design and work roles. (Laurus 773) It is known that stresses have negative results as they are the reasons of high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, stomach ulcers and heart attacks. Stress results also in depressions and anxieties as well as sleeplessness may worsen cognitive functioning. In the result a person may lose concentration and confidence in decision-making. There are many ways to manage stress such as, for example, altering stressors themselves, altering moderators of the stressors, lessening individual’s responses and alleviating the stress consequences. Organization can manage stress by providing support services, conflict resolution and cognitive therapy. (Kahn et al. 99) References Adaptation to change (2006) Bitpipe White papers online, Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.bitpipe.com/rlist/term/Change-Management.html?psrc=RTP. Hyde, A.C. (2002) Understanding Innovation in Management. The Public Manager, 31, 3, 64.   James Morrison, Ian Wilson. (1996) The Strategic Management Response to the Challenge of Global Change, Strategic Management, 7, 3, 25-27. Kahn, R.L., Wolfe, R.P., Quinn, R.P., Snoek, J.D., Rosenthal, R.A. (1964). Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity. New York: Wiley, 98-102. Lazarus, R.S., DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., Gruen, R. (1985). Stress and Adaptational Outcomes: The Problems of Confounded Measures.   American Psychologist, 40, 770-779. Organizational change management (2006) Journal of Organizational Change Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited Retrieved September, 30, from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/info/journals/jocm/jocm.jsp Rosenberg, Deanne. (1993, January) Eliminating Resistance to Change. Security Management, 37, 1, 20-23. Yerkes, R.M. Dodson, J.D. (1988). The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459-482. 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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Essays - Personality Tests,

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator One of the most enduring typological classifications was devised by Jung and has served as the foundation for the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (Anastasi, 1997). The Myers-Briggs (MBTI) designates one's personality type, based upon a classification scheme, which consists of four basic scales and two types within each scale. Thus, there are sixteen possible Myers-Briggs personality types. The scheme is based upon the intuitions of Carl Jung, whose gifted insight revealed that all people at all times are best understood in terms of extroversion/introversion, sensation/intuition, and objective/subjective. The latter category has since been subdivided into two classes by revisionists: feeling/thinking, and perceiving/judging. Classifying people did not originate with Jung. In the middle of the fifth century B.C.E., Hippocrates explained the four temperaments in terms of dominant humors in the body: melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, or choleric. The melancholic, he claimed, was dominated by yellow bile in the kidneys, the sanguine by humors in the blood, the phlegmatic by phlegm, and the choleric by the black bile of the liver. Hippocrates was simply adding to the ancient Greek insight that all things reduce to earth, air, water and fire. Each of the four elements had its dualities: hot/cold and dry/moist. A persons physical, psychological, and moral qualities could easily be understood by his temperament, his dominant humors, the four basic elements, or whether he was hot and wet or cold and dry. The ancient personality type indicator worked for over one thousand years. Today, most of us have abandoned Hippocrates' personality scheme because we do not find it to have any meaningful use. In the early 1940`s, Isabel Briggs Myers and Katherine Cook Briggs began developing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to make Carl Jung`s theory of human personality under-standable and useful in everyday life. The MBTI is based on Jung`s ideas about perception and judgment. The essence of the theory is that much seemingly random variation in behavior is actually quite orderly and consistent, being due to basic differences in the way individuals prefer to use their perception and judgment. Perception involves all the ways of becoming aware of things, people, happenings, or ideas. Judgment involves all the ways of coming to conclusions about what has been perceived. The Educational Testing Service first published the MBTI as a research instrument in 1962. In 1977, its use began to multiply. The main aim of the MBTI is to identify from self-report, the basic preferences of people in regard to perception and judgment, so that the effects of each preference, singly and in combination, can be established by research and put to practical use. If people differ systematically in what they perceive and in how they reach conclusions, then it is only reasonable for them to differ correspondingly in their reactions, interests, values, motivations, and skills (McCaulley, 1995). At the heart of MBTI use is the belief that individuals have naturally occurring preferences for certain attitudes and approaches to the world as well as for certain modes of perceiving it and making judgments or decisions pertaining to it. These preferences should not be equated with abilities. Identifying one`s own preferences can be an aid in seeking work, relationships and so forth, whereby what comes most naturally to the person will be the very thing that will be the most demanded, desirable, appropriated, or appreciated. Understanding other persons` preferences can aid in communication and make working or living together more effective and satisfying (Carskadon, 1994). McCaulley and Myers (1985) state that the MBTI differs from other personality instruments in these ways: It is designed to implement a theory; therefore the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI. The theory postulates dichotomies; therefore some of the psychometric properties are unusual. Based on the theory, there are specific dynamic relationships between the scales, which lead to the descriptions and characteristics of sixteen types. The type descriptions and the theory include a model of development that continues throughout life. The scales are concerned with basic functions of perception and judgment that enter into almost every behavior; therefore, the scope of practical applications is very wide. The MBTI consists of four separate indices which direct the use of perception and judgment. The Myers Briggs model of personality is based on four preferences, which can be seen in Table 1. These preferences affect what people do in any situation and how they draw conclusions about what they perceive. The preferences are: 1. Where is your primary source of energy? (Introversion/Extroversion) 2. How do you prefer to take in information? (Sensing/Intuition) 3. How do you prefer to make decisions? (Thinking/Feeling) 4. How